Preliminary findings released from independent global study “Legal, Financial and Integrity Aspects of Club Ownership in Football”
Porto, Portugal: November 2, 2018
A general lack of effective oversight and due diligence and weak regulatory framework on club ownership and investment are the overall conclusions of the first phase of a global study jointly undertaken by the International Association of Lawyers (UIA) in partnership with the ICSS INSIGHT and the Sport Integrity Global Alliance (SIGA).
A team of lawyers from 25 countries, including top football nations, provided a robust and independent diagnosis of the legal landscape relating to football club ownership in their respective jurisdictions.
Shockingly, the preliminary findings reveal that only three countries have a dedicated body that has specific oversight of investment and ownership in its football clubs and only two nations are able to fully track and monitor the money behind club investments and ownership. Meanwhile, the vast majority of countries do not have any mechanism in which to understand the source of a club’s investment and rely on generic laws with most ‘assuming’ that any financial scrutiny falls under the country’s existing club licensing system.
The preliminary results show a considerable lack of transparency across all levels of clubs with details of exact ownership and investment virtually invisible at the lower leagues and club levels. Clearly, reform in this area is overdue to prevent unscrupulous individuals and criminal networks from purchasing clubs for non-sporting reasons, such as transforming them into vehicles for money laundering, third party investment funds and sports betting fraud.
Preliminary findings include:
- While 83% of countries have an obligation under national legislation to disclose club owners/investors’ identities, only the UK, Netherlands, Spain and Switzerland have some kind of structure/process with a role to monitor and control
- Publically available information regarding full ownership and investment structures is only available in Belgium, the Ukraine and in the UK
- Only five countries (Brazil, the UK, France, Portugal and the Ukraine) require by law the obligation to fully disclose club owners/investors in both professional and non-professional football clubs
- 64% of countries require information on club ownership structure for only the professional top two level divisions
- Where countries have disclosure obligations that apply to full ownership structure, the majority are not able to identify the ultimate beneficial owner of the club. Only 39% of the countries monitoring club ownership are able to track the ultimate beneficial owner with limitations
- England and Italy are the only two countries that have a ‘fit and proper person’ testing requirement in place for club owners/investors. The majority, 70% of countries surveyed, do not have such validation process in place
- Only three countries (France, Italy and Switzerland) have a dedicated registry body to deal with club ownership
The second phase of the three-part study involves an analysis of the financial aspects followed by integrity and will be announced soon.
The study is part of the Financial Integrity and Transparency in Sport (FITS) Global Project – an initiative launched by ICSS INSIGHT (formerly ICSS EUROPE) in November 2014 to identify and address the emerging threats facing the financial integrity and transparency of sport and bring together stakeholders from all areas of the sports industry to drive long overdue reforms.
Key findings from the first independent report of the Financial Integrity and Transparency in Sport (FITS) Global Project include:
- Only an estimated 25% of professional football clubs in top leagues around the world produce publically-available financial reports
- Only an estimated 40% of national associations are financially viable without the help of FIFA
- There are vast and significant ‘dark spaces’ in the finances of football, which must be addressed to protect clubs, players and leagues from the growing threat of organised crime.
To access the first independent report of the Financial Integrity and Transparency in Sport (FITS) Global Project, please click here
Emanuel Macedo de Medeiros, CEO, SIGA (formerly the CEO and founder of the European Professional Football Leagues, World League Association and ICSS INSIGHT) stated: “From my days as CEO of the European Leagues and World League Association, it was clear to me that, when it comes to football club ownership, there is a lack of a robust international regulatory framework and scrutiny. This facilitates a promiscuous and permissive environment, exposing the beautiful game to unwanted criminal infiltration. We know all too well the devastating effects when club ownership falls into wrong hands. The preliminary findings of this study vindicates my belief that reform in this area is not a nicety, but an urgent necessity. SIGA’s Universal Standards on Financial Integrity tackle the issue heads on and provide the map towards greater transparency and proper due diligence to protect the integrity and reputation of sport.”
Diogo Oliveira Guia, Director of Sport Public Policy of the ICSS INSIGHT, stated: “The ICSS INSIGHT is constantly committed to delivering tangible tools to uphold the values and safeguard the integrity of sport. We believe that a coordinated, collaborative and scientific-based approach is the right path and critical to strengthen the integrity of sport. We are therefore first and foremost grateful and honored to count with the contribution of so many UIA lawyers around the world who have generously accepted to cooperate with us in this ambitious and pioneering enterprise. As an expression of our commitment, this study sheds light into an area where risks have increased beyond imagination in recent years. We will strive in this path, with passion, restless determination and enthusiasm, contributing actively for the good of sport, of its integrity and the sake of its future”.
Fernando Veiga Gomes, President of the Sports Law Commission of the UIA – International Association of Lawyers, stated: “What most impressed me with the preliminary findings of the Global Study on Club Ownership is the lack of adequate and strong regulation regarding club ownership. I was also surprised with the lack of pre-acquisition clearance in most countries and with the fact that 70% of the countries analyzed have no fit and proper test regarding their board members. We have moved from TPO to club ownership and in fact the same problems such as influence, conflicts of interests and lack of integrity are still out there.”
Richard Weber, former Chief, head of the criminal investigation division of the IRS, on tax evasion in the US and Vice Chair of the SIGA Standing Committee on Financial Integrity states: “I have spent the last twenty years fighting financial crime in the US. Whilst a lot has changed, at the same not much has changed. Criminals will use and exploit the financial systems to commit crime. What has changed is the sophisticated nature of the crimes and its global dimension, which is the main change in recent years. We can see from the preliminary findings of the Global Study on Club Ownership that the loopholes from jurisdiction to jurisdiction make this fertile ground for criminals to operate. The SIGA University Standards on Financial Integrity and corresponding Implementation Guidelines can assist in combating corruption and closing the regulatory gaps that currently exist.”
Rick McDonell, former Executive Secretary of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF), Executive Director, ACAMS and Vice Chair of the SIGA Standing Committee on Financial Integrity stated: “This study confirms what I suspected since my days at the Financial Action Task Force when we commissioned the first report that researched money laundering in the world of football: lack of transparency allows corruption to thrive and no industry is immune. The preliminary findings show a need for a robust regulatory approach, with effective fit and proper owners’ tests in every country to close the loopholes that enable third party investment funds to conceal the identities of the ultimate beneficial owners. There is a need for sports organisations to implement the SIGA Universal Standards on Financial Integrity, which offer an antidote to this problem.”
Pedro Machado, Head of Legal Department, Bank of Portugal and Vice Chair of the SIGA Standing Committee on Financial Integrity stated: “Whilst I am not surprised by the preliminary findings of this groundbreaking study, I am concerned by the number of black holes in club ownership worldwide. It is clear that urgent action is needed to close the gaps. Without transparency we cannot adequately respond to the challenges facing sport. As one of the Vice Chairs of the SIGA Standing Committee on Financial Integrity, this study goes to the heart of the problem: proof of origin of funds coupled with sound accounting and auditing practices. SIGA is committed to pushing for reform on club ownership via the implementation of the SIGA Universal Standards and corresponding Implementation Guidelines.”
About the ICSS INSIGHT
ICSS INSIGHT champions the highest of standards in sports governance, financial integrity and transparency and works across issues involving sports-betting integrity and the protection of minors in sport.
Based in Europe, ICSS INSIGHT drives reform in sport though leadership initiatives, collective action, independent research and intelligence and investigations. ICSS INSIGHT advises organisations – including clubs, leagues, national and international federations, governments, international organisations, linguistic blocks and civil society – on how to strengthen and implement best-practice standards in good governance and in enhancing existing integrity policies and procedures.
About the UIA
The Union Internationale des Avocats (International Association of Lawyers – UIA) was founded in 1927. It is the oldest worldwide legal association and brings together around two million lawyers through its individual members and collective members (bars, federations, and associations) from more than 110 countries. The main aims of the UIA are to promote the fundamental principles of the legal profession; to contribute to the establishment of an international legal order based on the principle of justice between nations, through law and in the cause of peace; and, to defend lawyers and their clients.
About SIGA
SIGA is the world´s largest coalition in the field of sport´s governance and integrity. Supported by more than 100 international multi-industry supporters, SIGA is an independent and neutral organisation whose mission is to bring about meaningful reforms and enhance the integrity of all sports through a set of universal standards operated by an independent and neutral body. SIGA is the only organisation to bring together sport, governments, academia, international organisations, sponsors, business, rights holders, NGOs and professional services companies, from every region in the world, around a common cause of fostering greater integrity throughout sport. For the list of SIGA Members & Committed Supporters, please visit https://siga-sport.com/siga-members/.
For more information on SIGA, including its vision, mission and reform agenda, please refer to the website: www.siga-sport.com.
To contact SIGA, please email: [email protected]. Find SIGA on Twitter at https://twitter.com/SIGAlliance.